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SOC 2
Ali Aleali
Co-Founder & Principal Consultant, CISSP, CCSP
Former security architect for Bank of Canada and Payments Canada. 20+ years building compliance programs for critical infrastructure. Ali leads Truvo's SOC 2, ISO 27001, and CMMC engagements, bringing enterprise-grade security architecture to growing companies.
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SOC 2 CC6.3: Role-Based Access, Least Privilege, and Segregation of Duties
SOC 2 CC6.3 is where role design meets audit evidence: it requires that access to protected information assets is authorized, modified, or removed...
SOC 2 CC6.2: Registers, Authorizes, and Administers User Access
SOC 2 CC6.2 is the credential lifecycle criterion in the Trust Services Criteria: it requires an organization to register and authorize new users...
SOC 2 CC8.1: Authorizes, Designs, Tests, Approves, and Implements Changes
SOC 2 CC8.1 is the change management criterion: the single criterion in the CC8 series, covering how changes to infrastructure, data, software, and...
What Is GRC in Cyber Security? Governance, Risk, and Compliance Explained
GRC in cyber security stands for governance, risk, and compliance: the discipline of directing a security program (governance), identifying and...
Vendor Risk Assessment: How to Assess Vendors Without Drowning in Questionnaires
A vendor risk assessment is the structured evaluation of a vendor's security and compliance posture, scaled to the access and data that vendor holds....
What Is Security Architecture? A Practitioner's Guide
Security architecture is the practice of understanding a system component by component and connection by connection, then securing both how it is...
How to Create a Security Architecture Diagram (With a Worked Example)
A security architecture diagram is a boxes-and-arrows drawing of a system: boxes for the key components, arrows for the data flows or network flows...
Who Advises on Security Architecture and Design? The Five Options Compared
Advice on security architecture and design should come from someone with a deep understanding of cybersecurity practice: ideally ten or more years in...
The Security Architecture Review Process: Phases, Checklist, and Deliverables
A security architecture review is a structured walk through a system's components and connections, checking each against security best practices and...
SOC 1 vs SOC 2: Which Report Do You Need?
A SOC 1 report covers the controls at a service organization that are relevant to its customers' financial reporting, known as internal control over...
What Is a SOC Report? SOC 1, SOC 2, and SOC 3 Explained
A SOC report (System and Organization Controls report) is an independent auditor's attestation report on a service organization's controls, issued by...
Third Party Risk Management (TPRM): What It Is and How to Build a Program
Third party risk management (TPRM) is the discipline of identifying, assessing, and controlling the risks that come from the external organizations a...
What Is a Vulnerability Scan? What It Finds, What It Misses, and How Often to Run One
A vulnerability scan is an automated check that compares systems, software, and configurations against a database of known security weaknesses and...
Vulnerability Assessment Services: What They Include, What They Cost, and How to Choose a Provider
Vulnerability assessment services are engagements where a third party inventories an environment, scans it for known security weaknesses, validates...
SOC 2 User Access Reviews and Onboarding: The Playbook
SOC 2 personnel controls come down to three moments: onboarding on day one, the periodic user access review that confirms access still matches the...
SOC 2 Compliance for SaaS: The CTO's Guide
TL;DR: SOC 2 compliance for a B2B SaaS company is a sales requirement before it is a security exercise: enterprise buyers use the report to clear...
Quebec Law 25 Compliance: The Privacy Law Every SaaS Company Should Know About (But Probably Doesn't)
Quebec Law 25 is the province's modernized private-sector privacy law: a set of amendments (adopted in 2021 as Bill 64) to the Act respecting the...
SOC 2 for SaaS CTOs: How Compliance Unlocks Enterprise Sales
Enterprise buyers treat a SOC 2 report as the price of admission for SaaS vendors that touch their data or systems. For a CTO, that turns SOC 2 from...
Build a Security Program Before Anyone Asks For One
Almost every first call I get starts the same way. Someone outside the company is suddenly asking for a security artifact. A prospect sent a...
Law 25 Compliance Checklist: What Security Teams Actually Need to Do
Quebec's Law 25 has been fully in force since September 2024, and the penalties are no longer theoretical. Under the Act respecting the protection of...
Canadian Cybersecurity & Compliance Statistics 2026
The bottom line for 2026: Canadian data breach costs rose 10.4% to CA$6.98 million even as the global average fell. Canada is the outlier, and the...
Bill C-8 Is Law: What Canada's Critical Cyber Systems Protection Act Requires, and Who It Reaches
Bill C-8 is now law. Its centrepiece, the Critical Cyber Systems Protection Act (CCSPA), places mandatory security obligations on operators in six...
Bill C-8 vs CPCSC: Canada Now Has Two Cyber Mandates. Which One Reaches You?
Canada now runs two federal cybersecurity mandates that reach companies through entirely different doors. Bill C-8's Critical Cyber Systems...
Bill C-8 Supplier Requirements: Selling to Banks, Telecoms, and Energy After the CCSPA
Bill C-8 is law, and its centrepiece, the Critical Cyber Systems Protection Act (CCSPA), places no direct obligations on the software and technology...
CCSPA Cybersecurity Program Requirements: Every Obligation in Canada's New Law, Listed
A CCSPA cyber security program is a documented set of reasonable steps to identify and manage cyber security risk, protect critical cyber systems,...
Mapping the CCSPA to ISO 27001, NIST CSF 2.0, and CPCSC: The Complete Crosswalk
This crosswalk maps the seven obligation areas of the Critical Cyber Systems Protection Act (CCSPA), enacted June 16, 2026 as Part 2 of Bill C-8,...
CPCSC & CMMC Cost in 2026: The 4 Factors
There is no single price tag for CPCSC or CMMC compliance, and any consultancy that quotes one before scoping your environment is guessing. The real...
What SOC 2 Costs in 2026: The 4 Factors
TL;DR: All-in SOC 2 cost for a growth-stage SaaS company typically runs between US$20,000 and US$100,000 in the first year, with most SMBs in the...
SOC 2 CC6.1: Logical Access Security Software, Infrastructure, and Architectures
SOC 2 CC6.1 is the foundational access control criterion in the Trust Services Criteria: it requires an organization to implement logical access...
GRC Engineering: Building Compliance Into Infrastructure
At Truvo, GRC engineering is how we run compliance: we treat governance, risk, and compliance as an engineering discipline rather than an...